The main processes of the solar energy production line include silicon wafer cutting, surface treatment, photovoltaic cell preparation, assembly, sealing, and testing. The following is a detailed introduction to the process flow and equipment of our solar energy production line：
1. Silicon wafer cutting
Silicon wafers are the main material for solar panels, and silicon wafer cutting is the first step in the production line. Silicon wafers can be processed by mechanical cutting, grinding, or laser cutting. Mechanical cutting is the most commonly used method, which cuts silicon ingots into thin slices through drilling, grinding, and other methods. Mechanical cutting equipment mainly consists of push-pull cutting machines, plasma wire cutting machines, and single blade cutting machines.
2. Surface treatment
The surface of silicon wafers often has problems such as oxide films, defects, and impurities. Surface treatment is to improve the quality and electrical properties of the silicon wafer surface. Common surface treatment methods include etching, hydrofluoric acid wet method, etc. Among them, hydrofluoric acid wet method is a commonly used surface treatment method. It improves the reflectivity, electrical performance, and absorbance of the silicon wafer surface by forming a silicon oxide layer on the surface and removing some of the silicon oxide under the action of hydrofluoric acid. The surface treatment equipment mainly consists of a chemical vapor deposition machine, a back coating machine, and a coating machine.
3. Preparation of photovoltaic cells
Photovoltaic cells are the core part of converting solar energy into electrical energy. The preparation process of photovoltaic cells mainly includes steps such as photolithography, diffusion, deposition, anodization, and silver paste printing. Among them, photolithography is a key step in preparing photovoltaic cells. By printing patterns on silicon wafers, the photoelectric conversion area is isolated. Diffusion is the process of diffusing boron elements onto silicon wafers to form p-n junctions. Deposition is the deposition of thin films such as silicon nitride on the surface of silicon wafers to improve the light absorption rate of battery cells. Anodic oxidation is the formation of an oxide layer using a solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to improve the corrosion resistance and hardness of the surface of silicon wafers. The preparation equipment for photovoltaic cells mainly consists of lithography machines, diffusion furnaces, PECVD equipment, anodizing equipment, and purification systems.
4. Assembly
Assembly is the process of assembling prepared photovoltaic cells together to form solar panels. Assembly includes steps such as front and back connection, battery cell bonding, silver paste printing, and adhesive coating. The front and back connections are used to connect the positive and negative electrodes of the battery cell with the tin foil, in preparation for the collection and output of current. Battery lamination is the use of high temperature and pressure to bond battery cells together. Silver paste printing is the process of printing conductive silver paste on the metal electrodes of battery cells to improve their conversion efficiency. Adhesive coating is used to protect battery cells from external damage. The assembly equipment mainly consists of a front and back connection machine, a high-temperature flash machine, a printing machine, a curing machine, and a gluing machine.
5. Sealing glue
Sealant is the process of sealing the assembled solar panels together to protect them from the external environment. The sealing material is usually organic adhesive or silicone, which can effectively prevent the battery cells from oxidation, moisture, or external wear. The sealing equipment mainly consists of sealing machines, vacuum packaging machines, ultraviolet ovens, and pneumatic machines.
6. Testing
Testing is the performance testing and quality inspection of manufactured solar panels. The testing mainly includes indicators such as photoelectric conversion efficiency, output power, and durability of battery cells. The testing equipment mainly consists of a spectroradiometer, a power supply, a multimeter, and a temperature and humidity meter.
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